In fact, we recognize that indirect contact requires an integrative understanding of the role of intergroup norms and affective processes in order to effectively achieve public policy objectives to optimize effects on prejudice reduction. It is now 25 years since the publication of Tajfel and Turners (1979) seminal statement on social identity theory and 15 years since Ashforth and Mael. Relatedly, we acknowledge that indirect contact occurs within specific normative contexts embodied in legislation, institutions, and media and political contents. In addition to providing a critical review of each of these forms, we argue that indirect contact is more than just a simple “replacement” for direct contact, but instead has the potential to improve intergroup relations for both minority and majority members in its own right. Consequently, social psychological researchers have identified, developed and tested a burgeoning array of different forms of indirect contact, including, extended contact, Electronic- or E-contact, imagined contact, vicarious contact and parasocial contact. Recent research by Mitchell, Banaji, and Macrae (2005) investigated this possibility. ![]() Today, physical and psychological barriers can reduce opportunities for the type of direct face-to-face intergroup contact first identified by Gordon Allport. 4 Essential Social Psychology inferences about the thoughts and feelings of other people by imagining what our own thoughts and feelings would be if we were in the same situation.
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